Problem Based Learning Bibliographies

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Howard Barrows' list

BOOKS

Barrows, H. (l994). Practice-Based Learning: Problem-Based Learning Applied to Medical Education, Springfield, IL: SIU School of Medicine.

Barrows, H. (l988). The Tutorial Process. Springfield, IL: SIU School of Medicine. This book is designed to help teachers wishing to develop tutorial or facilitator teaching skills in PBL.

Barrows, H. (1985) How to Design a Problem-based Curriculum for Pre-clinical Years. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Boud, D., Feletti, G. (1991). The Challenge of Problem-based Learning. London: Kogan.

Bransford, John D. et al. (1990). Anchored Instruction: Why We Need it and How Technology Can Help. Cognition, Education, And Multimedia. Hillsdale,NJ: Erlaum Associates

Bridges, E., Hallenger, P. (l992). Problem-based Learning for Educational Administrators. Oregon: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.

Collins, A., Brown J.R., Newman S.E. (in press). Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics. In L.B. Resnick (Ed.), Cognition and Instruction: Issues and Agendas (1-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Collins, A., Stevens A.S. (1982). Goals and Strategies of inquiry Teachers. In R. Glasser(Ed.), Advances in Instructional Psychology. (pp 65-119). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

DeVolder, M.L., Schmidt, H., GeFrave, W.S., Moust, J.H.C. (l984). Motivation and achievement in cooperative learning: The role of prior knowledge. In H. Heckhausen(Ed.).Task Motivation and Achievement. ( 335-347). Lisse, The Netherlands: Sawets and Zeitlinger.

Duffy, T. (l994). Strategic Teaching Framework: An Instructional Model for Learning Complex Interactive Skills. Instruction of Development State of the Art,(3). Paradigms. C. Dells, A. Romeszowski(ed). Educational Technology Publications.

Johnson, M.L. The Anatomy of Judgment. (l943). London: Penguin Books.

Katona, G. (1940). Organizing and memorizing: Studies in the psychology of learning and teaching. New York: Columbia University Press.

Kleinmuntz, B. (1968).The processing of clinical information by man and machine. (chp. 4). The Formal Representation of Human Judgment. Carnegie-Mellon University.

Knowles, M.S. (l975).Self-directed Learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York: Association Press. Tutor technique is very close to PBLI card. It explains to the learner what is expected of him and what are the teacher's responsibilities in a self-directed study course. The third section explains how both can find materials needed for their respective roles and how to effectively evaluate learning.

Mager, R.F. (l973). Measuring instructional intent: Or, got a match?. Belmont CA: Fearon Publishers.

Medawar, P.B. (l969). Introduction and intuition in scientific thought. London: Metheun. This is a collection of three lectures by Medawar discussing the inductive and intuititive thinking processes involved in the scientific method of thought.

Nikerson, R. and Zodhiates, P. (l988). Technology in Education: Looking Toward 2020. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. A panel of educators with expertise in a cross-section of disciplines and perspectives were asked to give their ideas as to how technology would change education by the year 2020. This is a collection of their individual, as well as, what all agreed should be goals for education through technology.

Rowntree, D.(1977). Assessing students: How shall we know them? New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Schmidt, W.H.O. (l965). Process of Learning in Relation to Different Kinds of Material to be Learned. Medical Education in South Africa. Reid, S.B.O and Wilmot , A.J. Pietermaritzburg, So. Africa. Natal University Press.

Schon, D.A. (1983).The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Schon describes reflective thinking or problem-solving development in many situations and professions with special emphasis on medical and educational professions.

Sinnot, J. (l988). Everyday Problem Solving. New York: Praeger. The author emphasizes the psychological side of problem-solving, why it works in the classroom as well as in every day "real" life. Also discusses necessary components of an ill-structured problem and arguments for changing education to follow a more problem-solving curriculum in the classroom.

ARTICLES

Baron, J. (1981). Reflective thinking as a goal of education. Intelligence ,5, 291-309. A discussion on reflective thinking and how and why it should be a goal in teaching. Using Dewey's definition of reflective thinking, Baron tries to describe the phases a person goes through in the thinking process to gain reflective thought.

Barrows, H.S. (l986). A Taxonomy of Problem-based Learning Methods. Medical Teacher, 20, 481-6. This paper offers a classification for the many varieties of educational methods that are referred to as Problem-based. It supports the argument that each method addresses the possible educational objectives for PBL to differing degrees. Educators should be aware of this when choosing a particular technique. The method used by the PBLI is referred to as "Reiterative PBL.

Barrows, H.S., Myers, A.C. Williams, R.G., Moticka, E.J. (1986). Large group Problem-Based Learning: A possible solution for the "2 sigma problem. Medical Teacher ,8(4), 325-31. Since many medical schools are concerned about the number of tutors required to work with small groups of students in PBL, this paper describes the design and application of PBL in a second year medical school class in immunology of seventy-two students involving the whole class and using only one, non-expert tutor.

Barrows, H., Tamblyn, R. (l976). An Evaluation of Problem-based learning in Small Groups Using a Simulated Patient. Journal of Medical Education, 51, 52-54. The effectiveness of PBL in a first year neuroscience course was evaluated by comparing a subset of students given several PBL experiences using a standardized patient to students who volunteered for the PBL experience but were denied the ongoing neuroscience course. The surprising finding was the PBL group sought more direct experiences with actual neurological patients.

Benware, Carl A., Dice, Edward. (l984). Quality of Learning With an Active Versus Passive Motivational Set. American Education Research Journal, 21 (4), 755-765. This article centers around a study of student motivation. Students were given material to study at home in both control and experimental groups. The reason given to control group for material was testing; to the experimental group, to teach material to another student. At conclusion of two weeks, the students who were to teach had a better understanding of subject than the control group. The conclusion of researchers: if given the task of tutoring students are motivated to gain a complete understanding of material given.

Birch, S. (1986). Towards a model for problem-based learning. Studies in Higher Education, 11(1), 73-82.

Bloom, B.S. (l984). The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher,13(6), 4-16. The article compares the strengths and weaknesses of conventional, mastery learning, and small-group tutor styles of teaching and the "2 sigma problem" in the assessment of student learning and retention at the end of the unit of study and longer-term retention. Several factors are considered besides teaching styles; such as home environment, outside influences, and the differences in the students themselves.

Blosser, Patricia E. (l988). Teaching Problen Solving--Secondary School Science. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education 2.

Blumenfeld, P.C. et al. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3,4), 369-398. An argument for problem-based learning, but addresses the difficulties inherent in PBL such as; problem-structure, teacher and student motivation and sustaining interest with practical suggestions and also how technology can help.

Bransford, J.D. Stein, B.S., Shelton, T.S., Owings, R.A. (1981). Cognition and adaptation: The importance of learning to learn. In J. Harvey(Ed.) Cognition, Social behavior and the environment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bransford, J.D. (1993). Who ya Gonna Call? Thoughts About Teaching Problem Solving. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

Bridges, E., Hallinger, P. (1991). Problem-based Learning in Medical and Managerial Education. Paper Presented at the Cognition and School Leadership Conference in Nashville, TN.

Brown, J.S., Collins, A., Dugvid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher ,18(1), 32-42.

Chamberlain, T.C. (1965). The method of multiple working hypotheses. (Reprinted from Science ,15:92, 1890).Science 148(5), 754-9.

Cognition and Technology Group At Vanderbilt. (l990). Anchored Instruction and its Relationship to Situated Cognition. Educational Researcher; Aug-Sept. 2-10. This article discusses effective situated cognition in conjunction with everyday problem-solving by use of a series of videotaped situations. Two sets had been developed at the writing of the article; one centers around math skills and the other around language arts in intermediate and jr. high classrooms.

Colby, K. (1986). Problem-based learning of social sciences and humanities. Journal Of Medical Education, 61(5), 413-415.

Collins, A. et al. (1991). Cognitive Apprenticeship: Making things visible. American Educator, 15(3), 38-46.

Coreiro,P. (1990). Problem-based thematic instruction. Language Arts, 67(1), 26-34.

Distlehorst, L.H., Barrows H.S. (l982). A new tool for problem-based self-directed learning. Journal of Medical Education, 57(6), 486-8.

Dolmans, D.H. et al. (l992). Do Students Learn What Their Teachers Intend They Learn? Guiding Processes in Problem-based Learning. ERIC Document ED343955.

Dolmans, D.H. et al. (1991). Course improvement based on course content data: An explorative study conducted in problem based curriculum. ERIC Document ED334220. Report on reliable evaluative instrument for problem-based learning and how it was developed at the University of Limburg Medical School.

Dolmans. D.H.J.M., Gisealaers, W.H., Schmidt, H.G., and van der Meer, S,B,(1993) Problem effectiveness in a course using problem-based learning. Academic Medicine 68(3), 207-13.

Eisenstaedt, R. (1990). Problem-based learning: Cognitive retention and cohort traits of randomly selected participants and decliners. Academic Medicine, 65(9), 511-512. A study based on the effectiveness of PBL versus the traditional study course at Temple University School of Medicine. The outcome of the two-year study revealed that PBL students tested lower on test scores at the end of study than the traditional students, but retained much more after retesting a year later.

ERIC/SMEAC. (1988). Teaching Problem Solving-Secondary School Science. ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education 2.

Farmer, A. (1985). A new approach to physics teaching. Physics Teacher, 23(6), 338-343.

Feltovich, P.J., (1982/1983). Expertise: Reorganizing and refining knowledge for use. PREN ,4(3), 5-9.

Firestien, R., and Treffinger. (l989). Guidelines for Effective Facilitation of Creative Problem Solving. Gifted Child Today, 12(5), 44-47.

Frederiksen, N. (1986). Toward a broader conception of human intelligence. American Psychologist ,41(4), 445-52.

Frederiksen, N. (l984). Implications of cognitive theory for instruction in problem solving. Review of Educational Research, 54(3), 363-407.

Gallagher, S., Rosenthal, H. and Stepien, W. (l992). The effects of problem-based learning on problem-solving. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36(4), 195-200.

Geerligs, T. et al. (l993). Test Format and Test-directed Study Behavior in Problem-Based Learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

Gilhooly, K. J. (l990). Cognitive Psychology and Medical Diagnosis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, (4), 261-272.

Glaser, R. (1982). Education and thinking. EL Thorndike Address. American Psychological Association.

Godden, D.R., Baddeley, A.D. (1975). Context-Dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology , 325-31.

Harel, J., Papert, S. (l990). Software Design as a Learning Environment. Interactive Learning Environments, (l). 1-32.

Hay, J.A. and Schmuck, M.F. (l993). Problem-based Learning: Development and Analysis of a Tutor Evaluation Form for use in Small-Group Problem-based Learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

Hilgard, E.R., Irvine, R.P., Whipple, J.E. (1953). Rote memorization, understanding, and transfer: An extension of Katona's card trick experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46(4), 288-92.

Keller, F.S. (l968). "Good-Bye teacher". Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis ,l(l), 79-89. Keller describes the curriculum style he and others developed . It encourages students to travel through "learning segments" in a certain course of study and proceeding to the next segment only after passing a mastery text-which may be taken as many times as needed. Includes a brief explanation of evolvement and criteria for development of the program.

Kitchener, K. (l983). Cognition, Metacognition, and Epistemic cognition: A three Level Model of Cognitive processing. Human Development, 26(4), 222-232.

Knoll, Jean W. (1993). An Introduction to Reiterative PBL. Issues and Inquiry in College Learning and Teaching Spr/Smr. 19-36. An explanation of the development of the PBL process and the steps involved in tutoring a lesson. Based on Dr. Barrows' development of the PBL technique and how it follows the natural human problem-solving skills we all unconsciously use. Also, gives a basic explanation of the tutor/teacher role and structuring problems in the PBL technique.

Kurfiss, Joanne G. (l988). Critical Thinking: Theory, Practice, Research and Possibilities. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report #2.

Levine, H.G., Forman, P.B. (1973). A study of retention of knowledge of neurosciences information. Journal of Medical Education ,48 (9), 867-9.

Magill, M.K. et al. (l988). A computer-assisted system for analysis of interaction in problem-based learning groups. Evaluation and the Health Professions, ll(3), 318-332.

Margetson, D. (l99l). Is there a future for problem-based education? Higher Education Review, 23(2), 33-47.

Marton F. and Saljo R. (1976) On Qualitative differences in learning: I-outcome and process. Br. J. educ. Psychol. 46, 4-11

McCloskey, M., Caramazza, A., Green, B. (l980). Curvilinear motion in the absences of external forces. Naive beliefs and the motion of objects. Science , 210 (4474), 1139-41.

McGaghe, Wm. C. (l99l). Professional Competence Evaluation. Educational Researcher,18 (2), 5-11.

Messick, S. (1989). Meaning and Values in Test Valuation. Educational Researcher, 20(l), 3-9.

Moss, G.D., McMillan, D. (1980). A strategy for developing problem-solving skills in large undergraduate classes. Studies in Higher Education, 980,5(2), l6l-71.

Nash, P.P. et al. (l99l). A student centered, Problem-based surgery clerkship. Academic Medicine,66(7), 415-17.

Needham, Douglas R., Begg, Ian M. (1991). Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: Memory-oriented training promotes memory for training. Psychonomic Society, Inc. 19(6), 543-557.

Nisbett, R.E., Fong, G.T., Lehman, D.R., Cheng, P.W. (1987)."Teaching reasoning". Science, 238(4827), 626-31.

Norris, S. P. (l989). Can We Test Validly for Critical Thinking. Educational Researcher l8,(9), 21-26.

Norman, G.R. (l988). Problem-solving skills, solving problems and problem-based learning. Medical Education, 22, 279-286.

Norman, Geoffrey R., PhD. and Schmidt, Henk G., Ph.D.(1992). The Psychological Basis of Problem-Based Learning; A Review of the Evidence. Academic Medicine,67(9),557-65.

Palincsar, A.S., (1989). Less Charted waters. Educational Researcher,8, 5-12.

Patel, V. et al. (l99l) Effects of conventional and problem-based medical curricula on problem solving. Academic Medicine, 66(7), 380-389.

Perfetto, G.A., Bransford, J.D., Franks, JJ. (1983). Constraints on access to a problem solving context. Memory and Cognition. ll(L), 24-31.

Perkins, D. et al. (l990). Teaching cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Journal of Structural Learning, 10(4), 285-303.

Perkins, D.B., Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context-bound? Educational Researcher 18(l), 16-25

Prawat, R.S. (l993). The value of ideas: Problems versus possibilities in learning. Educational Researcher, August-September, 5-16.

Regan-Smith, Martha G., M.D., Ed.D. (1993). Student Learning through Rote Memorization in Traditional Compared to Problem-Based Schools: Is it Different? Paper presented at the 32nd annual RIME Conference of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

Regnier, D.P., Welsh, J.L., Quarton. (l994). The Problem-based Learning Curriculum At Southern Illinois University School of Medicine: A Student Perspective. Annals of Community-Oriented Education, 7, 259-266. Second year medical students at Southern Ill. Un. School of Medicine discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their 2 year experience in a PBL curriculum with suggestions for improvement from a learner's point of view.

Romey, W. (1975). Transdisciplinary, problem-centered studies. School Science and Mathematics, 76(l), 30-38.

Savery, J. R., Duffy, T. (l994). Problem-based Learning: An Instructional Model and It's Constructivist Framework. Educational Technology, Aug., 1-16. An explanation of criteria for creating a problem and important steps and points to consider when writing and facilitating a successful problem. The Barrow's method and the PBL structure are central in this discussion of effective implantation of problem-based learning.

Schmidt, H.G. (l983) Problem-based learning: rationale and description. Medical Education,(17), 11-16. The process of problem-based learning is described and measursed against traditional learning principles.

Schmidt, H.G. (1984), Activatie van voorkennis en tekstverwerking (Activation of prior knowledge and text processing). Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Pshchologie,39, 335-47.

Schmidt, H.G. et al. (l993). Peer Versus Staff Tutoring in Problem-based Learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

Schmidt, H.G. Norman, G., and Boshuizen. (l990). A cognitive perspective on medical expertise. Academic Medicine, 65(10), 611-621.

Schmidt, Henk G. (1993). Foundations of Problem-Based Learning: Some Explanatory Notes. Medical Education , (27), 422-432.

Schmidt, W.H.O. (l965). Process of learning in relation to different kinds of material to be learned. Medical Education in South Africa. Reid, J.B.O. and Wilmot, A.J. (Eds.). Peitermaritzburg, So. Africa: Natal University Press.

Schwandt, T. A., Recapturing Moral Discourse in Evaluation. (l989). Educational Researcher, l8(8), 11-16.

Shahabudin, S.H. (l987). Content coverage in problem-based learning, Medical Education, 21, 310-313.

Shoemaker, H.A. (1960). The functional context method of Instruction. Human resources research office IRE Transactions on Education , 3(2), 52-7. Alexandria, VA: George Washington U. The functional context method calls for breaking learning into small segments, starting with simple tasks to build upon. The study that is the subject of this article also found; 1) learning must have functional significance to the student; 2) must be relevant to goals of the instruction. This method was originally developed for Army field radio repairmen with the assistance of the Human Resources Research Office and Geo.Washingto n University.

Stepien, W., Gallagher, S., and Workman, D. (l993). Problem-based learning for traditional and Interdisciplinary classrooms. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, l6(d4), 338-357.

Stepien, W. and Gallagher, S. (l993). Problem-based learning: As authentic as it gets. Educational Leadership, 50(7), 25-28.

Sternburg, R. (l982). Teaching scientific thinking to gifted children. Roeper Review, 4(4), 4-6.

Stinson, J.E. (l990). Integrated Contextual Learning: Situated Learning in the Business Profession. ERIC Document ED319330.

Szekely, L. (l950). Productive processes in learning and thinking. Acta Psychological, 7, 388-407.

Tans, R.W., Schmidt, H.G., Schade'-Hoogeveen, BEJ., Gijselaers, W.H. (1986). Sturing van het onderwijsleerproces door middel van problem. Een vildexperiment (Problem-based learning: A field experiment). Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearech, ll(l), 35-46.

Vernon, D. and Blake, R. (1993). Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research. Academic Medicine, 7, 550-563.

Wales, C. E. (l979). Does how you teach make a difference?. Engineering Education, February, 394-398. Un. of W. Virginia engineering department findings based on 6 years of open design curriculum for freshman students. Results emphasize better grades and better student understanding of subject matter.

Westcott, M.R., Ranzoni, J.H. (1963). Correlates of intuitive thinking. Psychological Reports,12(2), 595-613.

Wilkerson, L. (l993). Tutors, Strategies for Promoting Problem Solving in a Problem-based Tutorial. Paper presented at the annual American Education Research Association meeting.

Wilkerson, L., Feletti, G. (l989). Problem-based learning: One approach to increasing Student participation. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, Spring(37), 51-60.

Willems, J. (l981). Problem-based (group) teaching: A cognitive science approach to using available knowledge. Instructional Science, 10(l), 5-21. A discussion on levels of learning, the learning process and where PBL is most effective. It also introduces different types of problem structures and teacher roles. Very good for understanding the thinking process necessary to successfully carry off a problem-based experience as a student and as a tutor.

Williams, Susan M. (l992). Putting Case-Based Instruction Into Context: Examples From Legal and Medical Education. The Journal of the Learning Sciences,2(4), 367-427.

Woods, D. (l985). What about problem-based learning?. Journal of College Science Teaching,15(l), 62-64.

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Albanese, A.M.; Mitchell, S. (1993). Problem-based Learning: A Review of Literature on Its Outcomes and Implementation Issues. Acad. Med. 68(1), p. 52-81

Barrows, H.S.; Tamblyn, R.M. (1980). Problem-based learning : An approach to medical education. New York : Springer. Cité par Bouhuijs, P.A.J. (1993), p. 12

Barrows, H.S. (1985). How to design a problem-based curriculum for the preclinical years. New York : Springer. Cité par Bouhuijs, P.A.J. (1993), p. 12

Berkson, L. (1993). Problem-Based Learning : Have the Expectation Been Met? In : Bouhuijs, P.A.J.; Schmidt, H.G.; van Berkel, H.J.M. (eds), p. 43-65

Boud, D. & Feletti, G. (eds.) (1991). The Challenge of Problem-based Learning. London: Kogan Page. Cité par Bouhuijs, P.A.J (1993), p 12.

Bouhuijs, P.A.J.; Schmidt, H.G.; van Berkel, H.J.M. (eds) (1993). Problem-Based Learning as an Educational Strategy. Maastricht : Network Publication, 271 p. ISBN : 90-73026-05-9

Bouhuijs, P.A.J. (1993). Introduction : Problem-Based Learning as an Educational Strategy. In : Bouhuijs, P.A.J.; Schmidt, H.G.; van Berkel, H.J.M. (eds), p. 9-12

Des Marchais, J.E.; Dumais, B.; Pigeon, G. (1988a). Changement majeur du cursus médical à l'université de Sherbrooke. Première partie : raisons et étapes du changement. Rev. Educ. Med. 11(4), p. 5-12

Des Marchais, J.E.; Dumais, B.; Pigeon, G. (1988b). Changement majeur du cursus médical à l'université de Sherbrooke. Deuxième partie : objet et conséquences du changement. Rev. Educ. Méd. 11(5), p. 9-16

Des Marchais, J.E. (1990). Involvment of teacher as problem-based learning tutors in the new Sherbrooke programme. Ann. Community-oriented Educ. 3(1), p. 35-54

Des Marchais, J.E.; Chaput, M. (1990). Formation basée sur l'acquisition de compétences pour aider des enseignants en médecine à devenir tuteurs de groupes d'apprentissage. In : Contenus et impact de la recherche universitaire actuelle en science de l'éducation, Actes du 2e Congrès des sciences de l'éducation de langue française du Canada. Tome 3. Edition du CRP, p. 1117-1122

Des Marchais, J.E.; Delorme, P. (1990). Basic training program in medical pedagogy : a 1-year program for medical faculty. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 142(7), p. 734-740

Des Marchais, J.E; Bureau, M.A.; Dumais, B.; Pigeon, G. (1992). From the traditional to problem-based learning : a case report of complete curriculum reform. Med. Educ. 26, p.190-199

Des Marchais, J.E. (1993). A student centered, problem-based curriculum : 5 years' experience. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 148(9), p. 1567-1572

Dolmans, D. (1994). How Students Learn in a Problem-based Curriculum. Thesis Maastricht, Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht - III, 141 p. ISBN : 90-5278-130-3

Dorsch, J.L.; Frasca, M.A.; Wilson, M.L.; Tomsic, M.L. (1990). A multidisciplinary approach to information and critical appraisal to instruction. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 78(1), p. 38-44

Eaton, E.K.; Richardson, E. (1993). Strategies for Libraries Serving Problem-Based Learning Programs. In : Bouhuijs, P.A.J.; Schmidt, H.G.; van Berkel, H.J.M. (eds), p. 171-176

Foster, S. (1990). Problem-based learning as practiced in faculties other than medicine. In : van der Vleuten C.; Wijnen, W.(eds), p. 83-94

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Frijns, P.; de Grave, W.; Wolfhagen, I. (1991). Glossary. A list of frequently used concepts in the field of problem-based learning. Maastricht : University of Limburg, 61 p. ISBN : 90-5398-017-2

Grand'Maison, P.; Des Marchais, J.E. (1991). Preparing faculty to teach in a problem-based learning curriculum : the Sherbrooke experience. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 144(5), p. 557-568

Kaufman, A. (Ed.) (1985). Implementing problem-based medical education : Lessons from successful innovation. New York : Springer. Cité par Bouhuijs, P.A.J. (1993), p 12

Marshall, S.P. (1992). Problem-based learning : Integrating theory with practice in the k-12 classroom. In : Wingspread conference report - May 1992. Aurora (Illinois - USA) : IMSA, 10 p.

Marshall, J.G. (1993). A study of library use in problem-based and traditional medical curricula. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 81(3), p. 299-305

Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Faculteit der Geneeskunde (1992). Block book 4.7. Emergency situations. 50 p.

Stepien, W.J.; Gallagher, S.A.; Workman, D. (1993). Problem-based learning for traditional and interdisciplinary classrooms. J. Educ. Gifted. 16(4), p. 338-357

van Berkel, H.M.J.; Sprooten, J.; de Graaff, E. (1993). An Individualized Assessment Test Consisting of 600 Items. The development of a progress test for a multi-master program health sciences' curriculum. In : Bouhuijs, P.A.J.; Schmidt, H.G.; van Berkel, H.J.M. (eds), p. 259-269

Vandevelde, L. (1982). Aider à devenir. Pourquoi et comment l'école ? Pour quels aspects de l'éducation ? Paris : Nathan; Bruxelles : Labor, 242 p. ISBN : 2-9259-0241-1

Vandevelde L. (1994). Aptitudes et attitudes à la consultation de références. In : Chrétien, C. (ed). Actes du colloque : L'enseignement et sa pratique. Didactique des apprentissages, relation dans la classe. Université Libre de Bruxelles. 15 et 16 mars 1994. Bruxelles : ULB, Collection éducation, p. 33-40

van der Vleuten, C.; verwijnen, M. (1990). A system for student assessment. In : van der Vleuten C.; Wijnen, W.(eds). Problem-based learning : Perspective from the Maastricht experience. Amsterdam : Thesis-publisher, p. 27-50

van der Vleuten C.; Wijnen, W.(eds) (1990). Problem-based learning : Perspective from the Maastricht experience. Amsterdam : Thesis-publisher, 99 p. ISBN : 90-5170-024-5

Vernon, A.T.A.;Blake, R.L. (1993). Does Problem-based Learning Work? A Meta-analysis of Evaluative Research. Acad. Med. 68(7), p. 550-563

Verwijnen, G.M., van der Vleuten, C.P.M. & Imbos, T. (1990). Comparing an innovative medical school with traditional schools: An output analysis in the cognitive domain. In: Khattab, T., Schmidt, H., Nooman, Z. & Ezzat, E. (eds.) Innovation in Medical Education:An Evaluation of Its Present Status. New York : Springer Puplishing Company. p 40-49.

Woods, D.R. (ed) (1994). Problem-based Learning. How to Gain the Most from PBL. Waterdown : Donald R. Woods, vp. ISBN : 0-9698725-0-X

Results of a search at UCLA

Books

2. Barrows, Howard S., 1928- Problem-based learning in health sciences education / by Howard S. Barrows, Robyn M. Tamblyn. [Atlanta] : U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, National Medical Audiovisual Center, 1979. UCLA Biomed W 18 B278p 1979 UCSF Library R834 .B2 1979 Books

3. The Challenge of problem based learning / edited by David Boud, Grahame Feletti. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1991. UCB Ed/Psych LC1059 .C44 1991 UCI Main Lib LC1059 .C44 1991 UCLA URL LC 1059 C44 1991

4. The Challenge of problem-based learning / edited by David Boud, Grahame Feletti. London : Kogan Page, 1991. UCD Shields LC1059.C44 1991b UCR Rivera LC1059 .C44 1991

5. Clinical problem-based learning : a workbook for integrating basic and clinical science / Robert E. Waterman ... [et al.] ; illustrated by Yvonne Walston. 1st ed. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, c1988. UCD HealthSci WB18 C59 1988

6. DISSERTATION Coats, Sylvia Curry. A correlational study of aesthetic piano performance and a learning approach based on a Gestalt theory of problem solving / by Sylvia Curry Coats. 1978. SRLF M 0000395731 Type EXP SRLF for loan details.

7. Computer-based learning environments and problem solving / edited by Erik De Corte ... [et al.]. Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, 1992. Series title: NATO ASI series. Series F, Computer and systems sciences ; no. 84. UCB Astr/Math LB1028.5 .C535 1992 UCSD S & E LB1028.5 .C535 1992

8. Educational innovation in economics and business administration : the case of problem-based learning / edited by Wim H. Gijselaers ... [et al.]. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1995. UCSC McHenry HB74.5 .E334 1995

9. Grayson, Patricia. Evaluation of a television-based social problem solving curriculum for learning disabled children / Patricia Grayson, Kenneth D. Gadow, Joyce Sprafkin. [Washington, DC : Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1987]. UCR Rivera ED 1.310/2:304861 Govt.Pub Microfiche US UCSC McHenry ED 1.310/2:304861 Gov Pubs US Docs UCSC McHenry ED 1.310/2:304861 Gov Pubs US Docs CSL Main Lib ED 1.310/2:304861 Govt Pubs

10. Implementation of problem-based learning in higher education / edited by Erik de Graaff & Peter A.J. Bouhuijs. Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers, 1993. UCD Shields LB1060.I47 1993

11. New directions for medical education : problem-based learning and community-oriented medical education / Henk G. Schmidt ... [et al.], editors ; foreword by H. Mahler ; with contributions by O.K. Alausa ...... New York : Springer-Verlag, c1989. Series title: Frontiers of primary care. UCI MedCtr W 18 N532-3 1989 UCI Sci Lib W 18 N532-3 1989 Bar UCLA Biomed W 18 N5315 1989 UCSD Biomed W 18 N531 1989 Book Stacks UCSF Library R737 .N47 1989 Books

12. Problem-based learning as an educational strategy / P.A.J. Bouhuijs, H.G. Schmidt, H.J.M. van Berkel, editors. Maastricht, the Netherlands : Network of Community-Oriented Educational Institutions of Health Sciences, Network Publications, c1993. UCLA Biomed W 18 P962 1993

Articles

2. GEORGIEV G; MACPHERSON C; ROONEY PJ. A NOVEL EXTENSION OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - PROBLEM-BASED LECTURE PRESENTATION BY STUDENTS. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1995 MAY, V29 N3:255-256. Pub type: Note.

3. BLIGH J. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN MEDICINE - AN INTRODUCTION. POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL, 1995 JUN, V71 N836:323-326.

4. MOORE GT; BLOCK SD; BRIGGS C; MITCHELL R. PROBLEM BASED LEARNING - IS IT WORTH IT - REPLY. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1995 MAY, V70 N5:341-341. Pub type: Letter.

5. SOMLYO AP. PROBLEM BASED LEARNING - IS IT WORTH IT. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1995 MAY, V70 N5:341-341. Pub type: Letter.

6. ALBRITTON TA; DAVIS FL; KARP WB. A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING APPROACH TO DEVELOPING INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL SKILLS. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1995 MAY, V70 N5:438-439. Pub type: Note.

7. MAYO WP; DONNELLY MB; SCHWARTZ RW. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IDEAL PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TUTOR IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. EVALUATION & THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS, 1995 JUN, V18 N2:124-136.

8. SOBRAL DT. THE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING APPROACH AS AN ENHANCEMENT FACTOR OF PERSONAL MEANINGFULNESS OF LEARNING. HIGHER EDUCATION, 1995 JAN, V29 N1:93-101.

9. FELETTI G. THE DISASTER SIMULATION - A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING OR ASSESSMENT EXPERIENCE FOR PRIMARY CARE PROFESSIONALS. MEDICAL TEACHER, 1995 MAR, V17 N1:39-45.

10. ROYEEN CB. A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING CURRICULUM FOR OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY EDUCATION. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, 1995 APR, V49 N4:338-346.

11. WETZEL MS. COMMENTARY ON A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING CURRICULUM FOR OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY EDUCATION. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, 1995 APR, V49 N4:347-348.

12. VANLEIT B. USING THE CASE METHOD TO DEVELOP CLINICAL REASONING SKILLS IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, 1995 APR, V49 N4:349-353.

13. VERNON DTA. ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS OF FACULTY TUTORS ABOUT PROBLEM BASED LEARNING. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1995 MAR, V70 N3:216-223.

14. SCHMIDT HG. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - AN INTRODUCTION. INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE, 1994, V22 N4:247-250.

15. DOLMANS DHJM; SCHMIDT HG; GIJSELAERS WH. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STUDENT-GENERATED LEARNING ISSUES AND SELF-STUDY IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE, 1994, V22 N4:251-267.

16. SCHMIDT H; VANDERAREND A; KOKX I; BOON L. PEER VERSUS STAFF TUTORING IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE, 1994, V22 N4:279-285.

17. WILKERSON L. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS AN EDUCATIONAL STRATEGY - BOUHUIJS,PAJ SCHMIDT,HG, VANBERKEL,HJM. INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE, 1994, V22 N4:335-338. Pub type: Book Review.

18. BOUHUIJS PAJ. THE CHALLENGE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING - BOUD,D, FELETTI,G. INSTRUCTIONAL SCIENCE, 1994, V22 N4:339-340. Pub type: Book Review.

19. MANN KV; KAUFMAN DM. A RESPONSE TO THE ACME-TRI REPORT - THE DALHOUSIE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING CURRICULUM. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1995 JAN, V29 N1:13-21.

20. WILLIAMS R; SAARINENRAHIKKA H; NORMAN GR. SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING IN PROBLEM-BASED HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1995 FEB, V70 N2:161-163.

21. CHANG G; COOK D; MAGUIRE T; SKAKUN E; and others. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - ITS ROLE IN UNDERGRADUATE SURGICAL EDUCATION. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 1995 FEB, V38 N1:13-21. Pub type: Review.

22. FASCE E; RAMIREZ L; IBANEZ P. [RESULTS OF A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING EXPERIENCE APPLIED TO FIRST YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS]. REVISTA MEDICA DE CHILE, 1994 NOV, V122 N11:1257-1262. Language: Spanish.

23. DOLMANS DHJM; WOLFHAGEN IHAP; SNELLENBALENDONG HAM. IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TUTORS IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. MEDICAL TEACHER, 1994, V16 N4:369-377.

24. SAVOIE JM; HUGHES AS. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS CLASSROOM SOLUTION. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP, 1994 NOV, V52 N3:54-57.

25. BLAKE J. LIBRARY RESOURCES FOR PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - THE PROGRAM PERSPECTIVE. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE, 1994 SEP, V44 N3-4:167-173.

26. DOLMANS DHJM; SCHMIDT HG. WHAT DRIVES THE STUDENT IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1994 SEP, V28 N5:372-380.

27. CAMP DL; HOLLINGSWORTH MA; ZACCARO DJ; CARIAGALO LD; and others. DOES A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING CURRICULUM AFFECT DEPRESSION IN MEDICAL STUDENTS. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 OCT, V69 N10:S25-S27.

28. CREEDY D; HAND B. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - CHANGING PEDAGOGY IN NURSE EDUCATION. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, 1994 OCT, V20 N4:696-702.

29. EDMONDSON KM. CONCEPT MAPS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CASES FOR PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (VOL 69, PG 108, 1994) ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 MAR, V69 N3:193-193. Pub type: Correction/Addition.

30. HOLMES DB; KAUFMAN DM. TUTORING IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A TEACHER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1994 JUL, V28 N4:275-283.

31. MONTECINOS P; RODEWALD AM. [PROBLEM BASED LEARNING - ACHIEVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL GOALS IN THE INFORMATION AND COMPREHENSION SUB-CATEGORIES]. REVISTA MEDICA DE CHILE, 1994 JUN, V122 N6:653-659. Language: Spanish.

32. FISHER RC. THE POTENTIAL FOR PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN PHARMACY EDUCATION - A CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS COURSE IN DIABETES. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION, 1994 SUMMER, V58 N2:183-189.

33. DISTLEHORST LH. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - HAVE THE EXPECTATIONS BEEN MET - RESPONSE. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 JUN, V69 N6:471-472. Pub type: Correction/Addition.

34. VERNON DTA; BLAKE RL. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - HAVE THE EXPECTATIONS BEEN MET - RESPONSE. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 JUN, V69 N6:472-473. Pub type: Letter.

35. BERKSON L. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - HAVE THE EXPECTATIONS BEEN MET - REPLY. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 JUN, V69 N6:473-474. Pub type: Letter.

36. MA J. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING WITH DATABASE SYSTEMS. COMPUTERS & EDUCATION, 1994 APR, V22 N3:257-263.

37. HALCOMB CG. COMPUTER-BASED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING - DECORTE,E, LINN,M, MANDL,H, VERSCHAFFEL,L. CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY, 1994 JUN, V39 N6:664-665. Pub type: Book Review.

38. REITER SA; RASMANNNUHLICEK DN; BIERNAT K; LAWRENCE SL. REGISTERED DIETITIANS AS PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FACILITATORS IN A NUTRITION CURRICULUM FOR FRESHMEN MEDICAL STUDENTS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION, 1994 JUN, V94 N6:652-654.

39. STEPIEN WJ; GALLAGHER SA; WORKMAN D. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FOR TRADITIONAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY CLASSROOMS. JOURNAL FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE GIFTED, 1993 SUMMER, V16 N4:338-357.

40. BAYARD B; NITZKE S; NUHLICEK D. USING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TO INTEGRATE NUTRITION CONCEPTS INTO A PRECLINICAL MEDICAL CURRICULUM. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 MAY, V69 N5:392-392. Pub type: Note.

41. LARSON BH; GILMORE HT. EXPANDING THE CONCEPT OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TO PROSPECTIVE MEDICAL STUDENTS. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 MAY, V69 N5:421-422. Pub type: Note.

42. TOSTESON D. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1994, V28 S1:108-111.

43. MORRISON JM; MURRAY TS. AN EXPERIMENT IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1994 MAR, V28 N2:139-145.

44. BUSTO U; KNIGHT K; JANECEK E; ISAAC P; and others. A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING COURSE FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS ON ALCOHOL AND PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION, 1994 SPRING, V58 N1:55-60. Pub type: Note.

45. WINSLADE N. LARGE GROUP PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A REVISION FROM TRADITIONAL TO PHARMACEUTICAL CARE-BASED THERAPEUTICS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION, 1994 SPRING, V58 N1:64-73.

46. LEBLANC PP; AIACHE JM. PROBLEM-BASED AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING OF PHARMACOKINETICS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION, 1994 SPRING, V58 N1:94-95.

47. MARGETSON D. CURRENT EDUCATIONAL REFORM AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION, 1994, V19 N1:5-19.

48. EDMONDSON KM. CONCEPT MAPS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CASES FOR PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1994 FEB, V69 N2:108-110.

49. DERRY SJ. COMPUTER-BASED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING - DECORTE,E, LINN,MC, MANDL,H, VERSCHAFFEL,L. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL COMPUTING RESEARCH, 1993, V9 N4:579-596. Pub type: Book Review.

50. PELAUSA EO; MARSAN JG. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - PERSPECTIVES FOR OTOLARYNGOLOGY - HEAD AND NECK SURGERY. JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY, 1993 DEC, V22 N6:421-427.

51. PEREIRA LMP; TELANG BV; BUTLER KA; JOSEPH SM. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A NEW CURRICULUM - INCORPORATION OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) INTO THE TRADITIONAL FORMAT. MEDICAL TEACHER, 1993, V15 N4:351-364.

52. MELVILLE GN; WRAY SR; ADDAE J; YOUNG LE. PROGRESS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY-OF-THE-WEST-INDIES - IMPLEMENTATION OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AT THE ST-AUGUSTINE CAMPUS. WEST INDIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL, 1993 SEP, V42 N3:94-100.

53. BERKSON L. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - HAVE THE EXPECTATIONS BEEN MET. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 OCT, V68 N10:S79-S88. Pub type: Review.

54. SCHMIDT HG; VANDERAREND A; MOUST JHC; KOKX I; and others. INFLUENCE OF TUTORS SUBJECT-MATTER EXPERTISE ON STUDENT EFFORT AND ACHIEVEMENT IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 OCT, V68 N10:784-791.

55. SCHMIDT HG. FOUNDATIONS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - SOME EXPLANATORY NOTES. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1993 SEP, V27 N5:422-432.

56. SCHWARTZ PL; EGAN AG; HEATH CJ. HOW ONE SCHOOL OBTAINED THE BENEFITS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING WITHOUT REVOLUTION. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 AUG, V68 N8:612-613. Pub type: Letter.

57. ALBANESE MA; MITCHELL S. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON ITS OUTCOMES AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES (VOL 68, PG 52, 1993) ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 AUG, V68 N8:615-615. Pub type: Correction/Addition.

58. MENNIN SP; FRIEDMAN M; SKIPPER B; KALISHMAN S; and others. PERFORMANCES ON THE NBME-I, NBME-II, AND NBME-III BY MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AND CONVENTIONAL TRACKS AT THE UNIVERSITY-OF-NEW-MEXICO. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 AUG, V68 N8:616-624.

59. WOLF FM. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AND META-ANALYSIS - CAN WE SEE THE FOREST THROUGH THE TREES. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 JUL, V68 N7:542-544. Pub type: Editorial.

60. VERNON DTA; BLAKE RL. DOES PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING WORK - A META-ANALYSIS OF EVALUATIVE RESEARCH. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 JUL, V68 N7:550-563. Pub type: Review.

61. RANKIN JA. HIGHLIGHTING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AND MEDICAL LIBRARIES - INTRODUCTION. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 1993 JUL, V81 N3:293-293. Pub type: Editorial.

62. DONNER RS; BICKLEY H. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN AMERICAN MEDICAL EDUCATION - AN OVERVIEW. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 1993 JUL, V81 N3:294-298.

63. ELDREDGE JD. A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING CURRICULUM IN TRANSITION - THE EMERGING ROLE OF THE LIBRARY. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 1993 JUL, V81 N3:310-315.

64. HOWE C. COMPUTER-BASED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING - DECORTE,E, LINN,MC, MANDL,H, VERSCHAFFEL,L. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1993 JUN, V63 JUN:365-366. Pub type: Book Review.

65. DOIG K. ADOPTING AND ADAPTING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FOR LABORATORY SCIENCE. LABORATORY MEDICINE, 1993 JUL, V24 N7:411-416.

66. DOIG K. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN THE MICHIGAN-STATE-UNIVERSITY MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. LABORATORY MEDICINE, 1993 JUL, V24 N7:414-415. Pub type: Note.

67. OPPORTUNITIES TO APPLY PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. LABORATORY MEDICINE, 1993 JUL, V24 N7:417-419.

68. COULSON RL; FELTOVICH PJ. PROBLEM-BASED STUDENT-DIRECTED LEARNING IN MEDICINE. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PODIATRIC MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 1993 JUN, V83 N6:319-327.

69. DEVIRGILIO G. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING FOR TRAINING PRIMARY HEALTH CARE MANAGERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1993 MAY, V27 N3:266-273.

70. STEUCHELI S; HAND R. PARTICIPANTS PERCEPTIONS VERSUS ACTUALITY IN ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 APR, V68 N4:311-311. Pub type: Note.

71. ASPY DN; ASPY CB; QUINBY PM. WHAT DOCTORS CAN TEACH TEACHERS ABOUT PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP, 1993 APR, V50 N7:22-24.

72. STEPIEN W; GALLAGHER S. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - AS AUTHENTIC AS IT GETS. EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP, 1993 APR, V50 N7:25-28.

73. ZEITZ HJ; PAUL H. FACILITATOR EXPERTISE AND PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN PBL AND TRADITIONAL CURRICULA. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 MAR, V68 N3:203-204. Pub type: Letter.

74. DOLMANS DHJM; GIJSELAERS WH; SCHMIDT HG; VANDERMEER SB. PROBLEM EFFECTIVENESS IN A COURSE USING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 MAR, V68 N3:207-213.

75. SHIN JH; HAYNES RB; JOHNSTON ME. EFFECT OF PROBLEM-BASED, SELF-DIRECTED UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION ON LIFE-LONG LEARNING. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL, 1993 MAR 15, V148 N6:969-976.

76. RYAN G. STUDENT PERCEPTIONS ABOUT SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING IN A PROFESSIONAL COURSE IMPLEMENTING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION, 1993, V18 N1:53-63.

77. THORPE M. THE CHALLENGE OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - BOUD,D, FELETTI,G. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, 1992 SEP, V23 N3:236-237. Pub type: Book Review.

78. ALBANESE MA; MITCHELL S. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON ITS OUTCOMES AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1993 JAN, V68 N1:52-81. Pub type: Review.

79. GALLAGHER SA; STEPIEN WJ; ROSENTHAL H. THE EFFECTS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING ON PROBLEM SOLVING. GIFTED CHILD QUARTERLY, 1992 FALL, V36 N4:195-200.

80. PALES J; GUAL A. ACTIVE AND PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - 2 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN PHYSIOLOGY AT THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY-OF-BARCELONA. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1992 NOV, V26 N6:466-472.

81. ENGEL CE. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. BRITISH JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINE, 1992 SEP 16, V48 N6:325-329. Pub type: Note.

82. SCHWARTZ RW; DONNELLY MB; NASH PP; JOHNSON SB; and others. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - AN EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL METHOD FOR A SURGERY CLERKSHIP. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 1992 OCT, V53 N4:326-330.

83. MOORE CM; BARNETT DR. A PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING APPROACH TO TEACHING MEDICAL GENETICS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS, 1992 OCT, V51 N4:930-935.

84. NORMAN GR; SCHMIDT HG. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1992 SEP, V67 N9:557-565.

85. VESTAL RE; BENOWITZ NL. WORKSHOP ON PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS A METHOD FOR TEACHING CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS IN MEDICAL SCHOOL - INTRODUCTION. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 1992 SEP, V32 N9:779-780. Pub type: Editorial.

86. MACLEOD SM. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN PHARMACOLOGY - SALVATION OR SUBVERSION. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 1992 SEP, V32 N9:780-785. Pub type: Editorial.

87. ENGEL CE; BROWNE E; NYARANGO P; AKORS S; and others. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN DISTANCE EDUCATION - A 1ST EXPLORATION IN CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1992 SEP, V26 N5:389-401.

88. EAGLE CJ; HARASYM PH; MANDIN H. EFFECTS OF TUTORS WITH CASE EXPERTISE ON PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING ISSUES. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1992 JUL, V67 N7:465-469.

89. TELFER B. THE CHALLENGE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING - BOUD,D, FELETTI,G. STUDIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION, 1992, V17 N2:244-245. Pub type: Book Review.

90. CREEDY D; HORSFALL J; HAND B. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN NURSE EDUCATION - AN AUSTRALIAN VIEW. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, 1992 JUN, V17 N6:727-733.

91. VERNON DTA; CAMPBELL JD; DALLY JC. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN 2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES COURSES AT THE UNIVERSITY-OF-MISSOURI-COLUMBIA. ACADEMIC MEDICINE, 1992 MAY, V67 N5:349-349. Pub type: Letter.

92. DESMARCHAIS JE; BUREAU MA; DUMAIS B; PIGEON G. FROM TRADITIONAL TO PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A CASE REPORT OF COMPLETE CURRICULUM REFORM. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1992 MAY, V26 N3:190-199.

93. MENARD HA. [PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - THE CASE OF THE FORTUITOMA]. UNION MEDICALE DU CANADA, 1992 MAR-APR, V121 N2:71-71. Language: French. Pub type: Editorial.

94. JOHANSEN ML; MARTENSON DF; BIRCHER J. STUDENTS AS TUTORS IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - DOES IT WORK. MEDICAL EDUCATION, 1992 MAR, V26 N2:163-165. Pub type: Note.

95. MASTROPAOLO G; CHIARAMONTE M; MARTIN A; NACCARATO R. TEACHING GASTROENTEROLOGY USING THE PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING METHOD. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, 1992 MAR-APR, V24 N3:135-138.

96. GIST GL. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING - A NEW TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 1992 MAR-APR, V54 N5:8-13.

97. ALMY TP; COLBY KK; ZUBKOFF M; GEPHART DS; and others. HEALTH, SOCIETY, AND THE PHYSICIAN - PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES - 8 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE. ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, 1992 APR 1, V116 N7:569-574.

98. COHEN WW. ABDUCTIVE EXPLANATION-BASED LEARNING - A SOLUTION TO THE MULTIPLE INCONSISTENT EXPLANATION PROBLEM. MACHINE LEARNING, 1992 MAR, V8 N2:167-219.

99. ABDULRAZZAQ YM; QAYED KI. A STUDY OF THE ATTITUDES OF THE FOUNDATION STAFF OF A NEW MEDICAL FACULTY TO PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING. MEDICAL TEACHER, 1991, V13 N4:281-288.

100. BLOSSER A; JONES B. PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN A SURGERY CLERKSHIP. MEDICAL TEACHER, 1991, V13 N4:289-293.

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